BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN IS MODIFIED WITH O-LINKED N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE

The beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (Kang et al.: Nature 325:733-736, 1987; Selkoe: Science 248:1058-1060, 1990; Selkoe: In Cowan et al, (eds): ''Annual Review of Neuroscience.'' Pale Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc., pp 489-519, 1994) and numerous studies have shown that P-amyloid is involved in amyloid plaque formation (Rumble et al.: N Engl J Med 320:1446-1452, 1989; Sisodia et al.: Science 248: 492-495, 1990), Evidence is presented that APP is modified with N-acetylglucosamine linked to cytoplasmic serine or threonine residues (O-GlcNAc), This is the first report of a plasma membrane protein modified with this carbohydrate, It has been postulated that this modification, which is ubiquitous in all organisms studied to date except bacteria (Haltiwanger et al.: Biochem Soc Trans 20:264-269, 1992; Dong et al,: J Biol Chem 268:16679-16687, 1993; Elliot et al.: J Neurosci 13:2424-2429, 1993; Kelly et al.: J Biol Chem 268:10416-10424, 1993), may function as an alternative to phosphorylation (Dong et al., 1993) and is involved in the multimerization of proteins (Haltiwanger et al., 1992; Dong et al., 1993), O-GlcNAc occurs at ''PEST'' sequences (Rogers et al.: Science 234:364-368, 1986) and it has been suggested that this modification within such a sequence leads to increased proteolytic stability of the molecule (Dong et al., 1993), The importance of proteolytic cleavage (Kang et al., 1987; Selkoe, 1990, 1994), and the possible involvement of phosphorylation (Candy et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:6218-6221, 1988; Gillespie et al.: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187: 1285-1290, 1992; Suzuki et al.: J Neurosci 48:755-761, 1992; Suzuki et al.: EMBO J 13:1114-1122, 1994) in the regulation of APP processing suggest that this novel modification may somehow be involved in the biochemistry of APP. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.