VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF THE LONG-TAILED MANAKIN AND ITS RELATION TO MALE-MALE COOPERATION

We examined the vocal repertoire oflek-mating Long-tailed Manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis, Pipridae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Males in this genus are unusual in performing a cooperative courtship display, including duet songs and coordinated dual-male dance displays. Males give at least 13 distinct vocalizations, several of which occur in clear behavioral contexts. By observing the behavioral context and the sequence in which calls were given, we found that the most frequent calls occurred during three types of activity: song bouts, dance, and noncourtship interactions. The responses of males to playback of six vocalizations indicated that the calls function as much in mediating cooperative interactions as in expressing male-male agonism. The evolution of the large vocal repertoire in Long-tailed Manakins may be associated with their unique social system based on longterm, cooperative relationships among males.