ABSOLUTE ZERO OF TIME

A singularity involving infinite densities at a finite proper time in the past is strongly suggested for the beginnings of the Universe by Einstein's general relativity theory, and is consistent with the few relevant observational data. There is no reasonable point at which to anticipate a failure of the theory, especially since a simplified quantum calculation in the accompanying paper predicts that quantum effects do not change the nature of the singularity. Therefore, we suggest that the singularity be treated as an essential element of cosmological theory, and indicate how this can be made more palatable by refining our concepts of time. © 1969 The American Physical Society.