BOUNDARY-LAYER OBSERVATIONS OVER WATER AND ARCTIC SEA-ICE DURING ON-ICE AIR-FLOW

Observations made on 8 and 9 May 1988 by aircraft and two ships in and around the marginal ice zone of the Fram Strait during on-ice air flow under cloudy and cloud-free conditions are presented. The thermodynamic modification of the air mass moving from the open water to the ice over horizontal distances of 100-300 km is only a few tenth of a degree for temperature and a few tenth of a gram per kilogram for specific humidity. This is due to the small temperature differences between sea and ice surfaces. During the day, the ice surface is even warmer than the sea surface. The stably stratified 200-400 m deep boundary layer is often topped by a moisture inversion leading to downward fluxes of sensible as well as latent heat. The radiation and energy balance at the surface are measured as functions of ice cover, cloud cover and sun elevation angle. The net radiation R(N) is the dominating term of the energy budget. During the day, the difference of R(N) between clear and overcast sky is only a few W/m2, over ice, but 100-200 W/m2 over water. During the night, R(N) over ice is more sensitive to cloud cover. The kinematic structure is characterized by strong shears of the longitudinal and the transversal wind component. The profile of the latter one shows an inflection point near the top of the boundary layer. Dynamically-driven roll circulations are numerically separated from the mean flow. The secondary flow patterns have wavelengths of about 1 km and contribute substantially to the total variances and covariances.