THE TROPOSPHERIC AND STRATOSPHERIC EFFECTS IN THE IONOSPHERE

An overview of the concept of ionosphere coupling from below is presented. The D-region aeronomy, the winter anomaly of radio-wave absorption, the E(s) occurence and structure, the variations of atmospheric emissions, F-spread, the global morphology of F-region, wave disturbances and thermospheric wind regime should be considered in connection with tropospheric and stratospheric processes. There are regional and longitudinal effects in the morphology of thermospheric circulation, especially in the lower thermosphere. The response of prevailing and tidal thermospheric winds to the stratospheric warmings depends on the longitude. Some of experimental ionospheric data may be explained as being the result of upward propagation of broad spectrum of internal atmospheric waves (planetary waves, tides and gravity waves) from tropospheric sources. The transmissivity of the waves depends on the seasonal variations of the stratospheric and mesospheric circulations and intensity of the wave sources.