3-AXES SAMPLE MANIPULATOR FOR SURFACE-SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS IN ULTRAHIGH-VACUUM

Additions to commercially available manipulators are described which allow independent rotations of a sample in ultrahigh vacuum around three mutually perpendicular axes, as well as in situ adjustments of the sample orientation with respect to any of the three rotation axes. The additions allow also the interchange of three different samples in situ, with no need for breaking the vacuum in the experimental chamber. The modified manipulator has been successfully tested in experiments involving low-energy electron diffraction and photoemission with synchrotron light for either s or s-p polarization geometries.