INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE 2ND-GENERATION GREEN-REVOLUTION - A CASE-STUDY OF BASMATI RICE PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN-PUNJAB

This article investigates the constraints on the second-generation green revolution by quantifying the causes of resource-use inefficiency and variation in input use in agriculture. A case study is presented describing socioeconomic conditions, institutional setting, and physical environment in two representative rice-growing villages in the Pakistan Punjab and their role in formulating the farmers' production-related characteristics and farm management practices. The resource-use inefficiency in basmati rice production is explained by the institutional and socioeconomic factors that determine farmers' production-related characteristics and farm management practices. In particular, it is related to education, off-farm business, timing of fertilizer use, timing of transplanting, water stress, type of labor for transplanting, and village location. Although different institutional and socioeconomic constraints may exist in other developing countries, the approach used here will be relevant to each situation. -from Author