SEPARATION OF DNA FRAGMENTS INDUCED BY IONIZING IRRADIATION USING A GRADED-FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS

A method is described that allows a separation of X-ray induced DNA fragments by graded-field gel electrophoresis. Synchronized G(1) and asynchronous CHO cells were embedded in agarose and irradiated with X-ray doses ranging from 1 to 100 Gy. Following proteolysis by sarcosine and proteinase K, electrophoresis was run for 49 h using graded electric fields with stepwise increasing field strength(0.6, 1.5, 3 and 9 V/cm). Since the molecular size of DNA able to migrate decreased with increasing voltage, each voltage step led to the generation of a distinct DNA band with the largest fragments in band 1, fragments of intermediate size in bands 2 and 3 and the smallest fragments in band 4. Using yeast chromosomal DNA as a reference, the molecular weight of eluted fragments was calculated to range from 1 to 10 Mbp. It could be shown that the fragment size was not the only criterion that discriminates migrating from non-migrating DNA. DNA fragments were found to be retained in the well by an unknown factor presumably associated with DNA conformation. This retention factor increased with increasing fragment size. Graded-field gel electrophoresis also allowed the determination of the absolute number of double-stranded breaks (dsb) induced, which amounted to 11.5 X 10(-12) dsbs Gy(-1) Da(-1) corresponding to 37 dsbs/G(1) cell.