COMMUNAL NESTING PATTERNS IN MICE IMPLICATE MHC GENES IN KIN RECOGNITION

HOUSE mice (Mus musculus domesticus) form communal nests and appear to nurse each other's pups indiscriminately. Communal nesting probably functions to reduce infanticide1, but it also makes females vulnerable to exploitation if nursing partners fail to provide their fair share of care. Kinship theory predicts that females will preferentially form communal nests with relatives to minimize exploitation and further increase inclusive fitness2-4. Here we provide evidence from seminatural populations that females prefer communal nesting partners that share allelic forms of major histocompatibility complex genes. Such behaviour would lead to the selection of close relatives as communal nesting partners5-7. Although criteria for the demonstration of kin recognition are currently embroiled in controversy8,9, this is the first vertebrate study to meet Grafen's restrictive requirements8,10: discrimination is based on genetic similarity at highly polymorphic loci, incidental correlations due to relatedness are experimentally controlled, and strong reasons exist for expecting the assayed behaviour to be kin-selected.