FATE AND EFFECT OF DETERGENT CHEMICALS IN THE MARINE AND ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT

Detergents are high-volume consumer products which are discharged directly into domestic sewage after their use. They are removed in the treatment of domestic sewage and via in-stream removal mechanisms in surface waters. Important removal mechanisms are biological degradation, adsorption to sediments, etc. The degree of removal mainly depends on the physico-chemical and environmental properties of the chemical and on the type of sewage treatment. The continuous removal processes, combined with the continuous discharge to surface waters via treated or untreated sewage effluents, results in the presence of detergent chemicals in surface waters, where they can further biodegrade. Detergent chemicals can thus, ultimately, enter the marine environment. Data are presented on the discharged amounts of detergent ingredients, such as surfactants and phosphates, to surface waters and to the North Sea. Furthermore, the fate and effects of a typical surfactant in the marine and estuarine environment are described. Monitoring data for one of the major anionic surfactants, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS), are presented. A comparison of the measured concentrations of LAS with the concentrations, predicted on the basis of a measured dilution of the river water with sea water, shows that this surfactant continues to biodegrade under marine conditions.