INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON MUSCLE-FIBER DEVELOPMENT IN LARVAE OF THE HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS

The development of swimming (myotomal) muscles was studied in herring larvae (Clupea harengus L.) caught in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, in spring 1990 and reared at either 5, 10 or 15-degrees-C. Two muscle-fibre types can be distinguished in the myotomes of herring larvae using ultrastructural criteria. A single layer of small-diameter muscle fibres, packed with mitochondria, is present beneath the entire surface of the skin (superficial muscle fibres). The remaining bulk of the muscle is composed of larger diameter fibres (inner muscle fibres) containing significantly more myofibrils than the superficial fibres. In 1 d-old larvae, the number of inner muscle fibres in myotomes immediately posterior to the yolk-sac was 311 +/- 41 at 15-degrees-C, 257 +/- 22 at 10-degrees-C and 187 +/- 22 at 5-degrees-C (mean +/- SD, n = 6). The average diameter of inner muscle fibres increased with decreasing temperature, so that the total cross-sectional area of muscle was similar at each temperature. After 6 to 7 d, the number of muscle fibres had significantly increased at 15-degrees-C (383 +/- 25), but not at 10-degrees-C (281 +/- 32) or 5-degrees-C (192 +/- 17). In contrast, the average cross-sectional area of inner muscle fibres had increased by 19% at 15-degrees-C, 34% at 10-degrees-C, and 26% at 5-degrees-C. Temperature also influenced the relative proportions and spatial distributions of muscle-fibre organelles. For example, in 1 d-old larvae, the fraction of muscle-fibre volume (volume density) occupied by mitochondria in the superficial fibres was significantly higher at 15-degrees-C (46.0%) than at either 5-degrees-C (37.6%) or 10-degrees-C (38.8%). In the inner muscle fibres, the volume density of mitochondria was 26.1% at 15-degrees-C, 20.5% at 10-degrees-C and 15.9% at 5-degrees-C, whereas the volume density of myofibrils was similar at the three temperatures (33 to 38%). Typically, inner muscle fibres from 10-degrees-C larvae, but not from 5 or 15-degrees-C larvae contained a large central mitochondrion.