DOMINANT-NEGATIVE ALLELES OF RAD52 REVEAL A DNA-REPAIR RECOMBINATION COMPLEX INCLUDING RAD51 AND RAD52

Saccharomyes cerevisiae rad52 mutants are characterized by severe defects in double-strand break (DSB) repair and recombination. In this study we have identified several regions of RAD52 that are required for these biological functions. We cloned and characterized a RAD52 homolog from Kluyveromyces lactis that partially complemented S. cerevisiae rad52 mutants while exhibiting negative dominance in wild-type (RAD52) strains. The dominant negative effect was suppressed by overexpression of RAD51, an additional gene known to be required for DSB repair and recombination, indicating a genetic interaction between these loci. Furthermore, GAL4 two-hybrid analysis revealed a physical interaction between Rad51 and the carboxy-terminal one-third of Rad52. Deletion alleles of rad52 (with or without the Rad51 association domain) also produced dominant negative defects, suggesting the disruption of repair through nonfunctional interactions with other DSB repair and recombination proteins. RAD51 relieved the negative dominance of each of these alleles either by competitive titration or functional activation of mutant or heterologous Rad52 proteins. These results demonstrate the importance of Rad52-Rad51 interactions and point to the formation of a higher order repair/recombination complex potentially containing other yet unidentified components.