SELECTIVE INACTIVATION OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES

Muscarinic receptors exist in multiple subtypes, denoted as M(1), M(2), M(3) and M(4), encoded by four distinct but related genes. A fifth gene product, m5, has also been predicted although this sequence awaits a pharmacological equivalent. Many tissues express more than one muscarinic receptor subtype, which may couple to different intracellular effecters and thus have different physiological roles. One way to characterize the role of each receptor is to selectively inactivate one receptor population, thus pharmacologically 'isolating' the muscarinic receptor subtype of interest. Selective receptor inactivation can be achieved using either a selective, irreversible antagonist, or protection using a selective, reversible antagonist against a non-selective irreversible antagonist. Therefore, combination of these two approaches may provide optimal selective inactivation. Several muscarinic alkylating agents have been identified, including phenoxybenzamine, EEDQ (N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline) and propylbenzilylcholine mustard. These irreversible antagonists do not, in general, discriminate between muscarinic receptor subtypes and are frequently used to estimate the affinity and relative efficacy of muscarinic agonists. Consequently, use of these irreversible antagonists provides estimations of the 'receptor reserve' associated with a response mediated by muscarinic receptor activation. In contrast, 4-DAMP mustard (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-(2-chloroethyl)piperidine) selectively inactivates M(3) receptors, but will not discriminate between M(1), M(2) or M(4) receptors. In the absence of highly selective alkylating agents, receptor protection by reversible antagonists may be used. Thus, reversible antagonists, such as pirenzepine, methoctramine or para-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol, at appropriate fractional receptor occupancies, may protect M(1), M(2) or M(3) receptors against alkylation by phenoxybenzamine. Selective alkylation of M(3) receptors by 4-DAMP mustard is enhanced with concurrent M(2) protection. This approach has been applied to defining the role of these muscarinic receptor subtypes in the control of ileal smooth muscle tone. These data suggest that, in ileum, M(2) receptors may act to inhibit beta-adrenoceptor activation, thereby offsetting relaxation, while M(3) receptors directly mediate contraction.