A SIMPLE SINGLE MODEL FOR QUARTZ-CRYSTAL RESONATOR LOW-LEVEL DRIVE SENSITIVITY AND MONOLITHIC FILTER INTERMODULATION

The nature of the observed phenomenon of ''starting resistance'' is reviewed, along with the accompanying experimental evidence of high drive-level altering and sometime ''curing'' of the malady. A simple phenomenological model is proposed, and then it is shown that this model does indeed predict all of the observed properties of starting resistance with the exception of ''high-drive curing''. This same model is then shown to predict the low level intermodulation effects seen in monolithic crystal filters. 'rhe ability to predict both starting resistance and intermodulation phenomena with the same model is taken as an indication that both phenomena have a common cause. Explanations of high-drive level curing of the phenomena are contemplated.