SYMPATHETIC REGULATION OF CARDIAC CALCIUM CURRENT IS DUE EXCLUSIVELY TO CAMP-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION

THE positive inotropic effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart is partly mediated by an increase in the voltage-gated Ca2+ current (I(Ca)). This increase is generally attributed to beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the Ca2+ channel 1,2. It has been suggested that cAMP-dependent phosphorylation cannot explain all the effects of beta-adrenergic agonists on I(Ca) and that a parallel membrane-delimited pathway involving the 'direct' action of the G protein G(s) also stimulates I(Ca) (refs 3-7). A precedent exists for such a membrane-delimited pathway in the activation of a K+ channel by acetylcholine in heart 1,8. A membrane-delimited pathway for stimulation of I(Ca) might be important in rapid beat-to-beat regulation of contraction by the sympathetic nervous system 9, because isoproterenol may produce a biphasic increase in I(Ca) with the rapid phase (tau = 150 ms) putatively mediated by the direct pathway and the slow phase (tau = 35 s) by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. Here we report that in frog, rat, and guinea pig ventricular myocytes I(Ca) increases slowly and monophasically in response to isoproterenol. The increase is completely blocked by inhibitors of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. Furthermore, the time course of the increase in I(Ca) closely parallels the increase in contractile force produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. These data refute earlier suggestions that regulation of Ca2+ channels by the sympathetic nervous system involves or requires a direct G-protein pathway.