THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF X-RAY AND NEUTRON REFLECTOMETRY

被引:168
作者
ZHOU, XL
CHEN, SH
机构
[1] Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
来源
PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS | 1995年 / 257卷 / 4-5期
关键词
D O I
10.1016/0370-1573(94)00110-O
中图分类号
O4 [物理学];
学科分类号
0702 ;
摘要
This review attempts to give a systematic exposition of the theoretical foundation underlying surface depth profiling at the molecular level using X-ray and neutron specular reflectometry. It covers the fundamentals of X-ray and neutron interactions with matter, the direct theory of specular reflection from stratified media, the inverse theory of specular reflection for obtaining the surface depth profile from measured specular reflection data, and demonstration of how the theories can be used in practice. The part on X-ray and neutron interactions with matter begins with the basic quantum mechanical and classical electromagnetic descriptions of scattering, discusses the important concepts of scattering and absorption cross sections, the scattering length density and the refractive index of matter, and derives the one-dimensional Helmholtz wave equation which fully describes the specular reflection of slow neutrons and X-rays from a macroscopic stratified medium. The direct theory begins with the development of the solution of the Helmholtz wave equation in the form of a discrete formulation, namely, Parratt's recurrence relation, and proceeds to several continuous formulations, such as the Born and distorted wave Born (DWBA) approximations, the small-curvature approximation (SCA), the modified WKB approximation (MWKB) and the weighted-superposition approximation (WSA), and ends with a discussion about the effect of surface roughness. The inverse theory presents methods for the reconstruction of the depth profile of the surface scattering length density from a set of specular reflection data. This includes the feasibility of data inversion, some simple examples of analytic data inversion, a matrix-iteration method (MIM), and a groove-tracking method (GTM). For demonstration of the use of the theories, we give an example of neutron reflectivity data analyses, from which the surface-layering phenomenon in bicontinuous microemulsions is revealed.
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页码:223 / 348
页数:126
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