A unique thyroid hormone response element in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat that overlaps the spl binding sites

Long terminal repeat (LTR) of human immunodeficiency virus (HN) type 1 is activated by thyroid hormone (T3) receptor alpha (T3R alpha) in the absence of ligand. Addition of T3 reverses this effect. This activity is mediated by a high affinity T3 response element (TSRE) within the HIV-1 LTR, termed the HIV-T3RE (bases -74 to -50), which coincides with the Spl element as demonstrated by mobility shift, DNaseI footprinting, and methylation interference analyses. HIV-T3RE mediates ligand-independent activation of transcription by T3R alpha when linked to a heterologous promoter. In addition, the viral transactivator Tat synergizes with T3R alpha to activate the HIV-1 LTR in the absence of T3, which is relieved in its presence. These findings have implications for the possible control of HIV-1 LTR activity by T3.