DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE OF OCEANIC SHALLOW WATERS - INFLUENCE OF WATER DEPTH AND BOTTOM ALBEDO

We used simplifying assumptions to derive analytical formulae expressing the reflectance of shallow waters as a function of observation depth and of bottom depth and albedo. These formulae also involve two apparent optical properties of the water body: a mean diffuse attenuation coefficient and a hypothetical reflectance which would be observed if the bottom was infinitely deep. The validity of these approximate formulae was tested by comparing their outputs with accurate solutions of the radiative transfer obtained under the same boundary conditions by Monte Carlo simulations. These approximations were also checked by comparing the reflectance spectra for varying bottom depths and compositions determined in coastal lagoons with those predicted by the formulae. These predictions were based on separate determinations of the spectral albedos of typical materials covering the floor, such as coral sand and various green or brown algae. The simple analytical expressions are accurate enough for most practical applications and also allow quantitative discussion of the limitations of remote-sensing techniques for bottom recognition and bathymetry.