An ophthalmology in-training examination was given simultaneously to 1,080 residents, representing 134 of the 140 residency programs in the United States. The purpose was to allow each resident who participated to evaluate his general level of ophthalmic knowledge and reasoning and to provide program directors with a basis to compare various areas of their programs with those in other institutions. All examination papers were sent directly to an impartial professional educational testing service for processing. A computer was used for scoring and analysis of the examination. Participation was voluntary, and each program director received only the scores of his own residents, along with a composite distribution curve indicating the average performance of all residents at each residency level in each of eight areas. © 1969.