OUTER-MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND BETA-LACTAMASE STABILITY OF DIPOLAR IONIC CEPHALOSPORINS CONTAINING METHOXYIMINO SUBSTITUENTS

Some enteric bacteria, such as Enterobacter cloacae, can develop high-level resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins by overproducing their chromosomally encoded type I β-lactamases. This is because these agents are hydrolyzed rapidly at pharmacologically relevant, low (0.1 to 1 μM), concentrations, owing to their high affinity for type I enzymes. In contrast, the more recently developed cephalosporins, with quaternary-nitrogen-containing substituents at the 3 position, show increased efficacy against β-lactamase-overproducing strains and, indeed, have a much lower affinity for type I enzymes. However, the possible contribution of an improved outer membrane permeability in their increased efficacy has not been studied. We found by proteoliposome swelling assays that cefepime, cefpirome, and E-1040 all penetrated the porin channels of Escherichia coli and E. cloacae much more rapidly than did ceftazidime and at least as rapidly as did cefotaxime. Considering that the influx of anionic compounds such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime will be further retarded in intact cells, owing to the Donnan potential, we expect that the newer compounds will penetrate intact cells 2 to 10 times more rapidly than will cefotaxime and ceftazidime. The kinetic parameters of hydrolysis of these agents by E. cloacae β-lactamase showed that at 0.1 μM, they were hydrolyzed much more slowly than was cefotaxime and at about the same rate as or a lower rate than was ceftazidime. The combination of these two effects explains nearly quantitatively why these newer agents are more effective against some of the β-lactamase-overproducing gram-negative bacteria.