STRUCTURE, STABILITY, AND THERMODYNAMICS OF A SHORT INTERMOLECULAR PURINE PURINE PYRIMIDINE TRIPLE HELIX

We have investigated the structure and physical chemistry of the d(C3T4C3).2[d(G3A4G3)] triple helix by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), H-1 NMR, and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy. The triplex was stabilized with MgCl2 at neutral pH. PAGE studies verify the stoichiometry of the strands comprising the triplex and indicate that the orientation of the third strand in purine-purine-pyrimidine (pur-pur-pyr) triplexes is antiparallel with respect to the purine strand of the underlying duplex. Imino proton NMR spectra provide evidence for the existence of new purine-purine (pur.pur) hydrogen bonds, in addition to those of the Watson-Crick (W-C) base pairs, in the triplex structure. These new hydrogen bonds are likely to correspond to the interaction between third-strand guanine NH1 imino protons and the N7 atoms of guanine residues on the purine strand of the underlying duplex. Thermal denaturation of the triplex proceeds to single strands in one step, under the conditions used in this study. Binding of the third strand appears to enhance the thermal stability of the duplex by 1-3-degrees-C, depending on the DNA concentration. The free energy of triplex formation (-26.0 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol) is approximately twice that of duplex formation (-12.6 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol), suggesting that the overall stability of the pur.pur base pairs is similar to that of the W-C base pairs. In addition, under identical solution conditions with the exception of pH (7.3 vs 5.5), the stability of the third strand in the d(C3T4C3).2[d(G3A4G3)] triplex is approximately twice that of the third strand in the Corresponding d(C+3T4C+3).d(G3A4G3).d(C3T4C3) triplex (-6.4 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol) [Pilch, D. S., Brousseau, R., & Shafer, R. H. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 5743-5750]. This marked enhancement in stability, coupled with the lack of an acidic pH requirement, suggests that pur-pur-pyr triplexes are appealing choices for use in applications involving oligonucleotide targeting of duplex DNA in vitro and in vivo.