什么引起五次生物大灭绝?

被引:94
作者
沈树忠
张华
机构
[1] 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室
关键词
生物大灭绝; 火山喷发; 温室效应; 冰室效应; 环境恶化;
D O I
暂无
中图分类号
Q111.7 [绝种问题];
学科分类号
071008 [发育生物学];
摘要
尽管多数生物学家认为当今地球正处于一次前所未有的生物大灭绝之中,然而由于人类拥有的直接观察记录非常短暂,难于正确判断当今地球将来的发展趋势和潜在的危机.地质历史时期曾经发生了五次重大生物灭绝事件,这些事件造成当时海洋中至少75%的物种在短时间内灭绝,陆地生态系统形成以后,也同样遭到重创.这些生物大灭绝事件发生的原因成为评估当今地球生态系统危机的重要依据.根据对5亿多年以来发生的五次生物大灭绝(分别发生在奥陶纪末、泥盆纪晚期F/F、二叠纪末、三叠纪末和白垩纪末)生物的种类、灭绝模式以及环境背景分析表明,地球上显生宙以来还没有发生过造成整个地球生物圈彻底毁灭的灾变事件,地质历史时期发生的五次生物大灭绝均伴随有剧烈的环境变化,大气CO2、温度(包括冰室效应和温室效应)、海洋酸化、海平面变化和海水缺氧等全球性的气候、环境剧变是造成生物大灭绝的主要原因.导致这种环境灾变最为常见的触发机制是超大规模的火山活动,火山活动不但喷出大量CO2等温室气体,同时可以触发大量蕴藏在内陆盆地和大陆架上的甲烷气体等快速释放.地外体撞击、超新星爆发、太阳耀斑爆发等事件可能会瞬间毁灭地球,但并不是地质历史时期已经发生的生物大灭绝的主因.
引用
收藏
页码:1119 / 1135
页数:17
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