从清末灾害群发期看中国早期现代化的历史条件──灾荒与洋务运动研究之一

This article is the first in a series of the author's research on famine and the Yangwu Movement, stressing the conditions of natural disasters in China during the era of the Yangwu Movement, their special characteristics and origins. In the author's opinion, during the period of the Yangwu Movement from 1861 to 1895, China experienced a sudden and serious deterioration of the ecological environment, which resulted from both natural and social causes. These disasters caused enormous losses for the entire society. Thus, it is important to consider natural disasters when investigating the falure of the Yangwu Movement