Spatial and seasonal distribution of anthropogenic heat emissions in Lodz, Poland

An inventory of heat fluxes from different types of neighbourhood has been made for the 214 km(2) of Lodz. Mean annual heat flux over the 80 km(2) urbanised area is 28.5 W m(-2), ranging from 12 W m(-2) in July to 54 W m(-2) in January. New areas of blocks of flats (about 30 km(2)) have a mean annual flux of 35 W m(-2) (73 W m(-2) in winter, and 14 W m(-2) in summer). Values of anthropogenic heat flux calculated in the central districts of the city, where there are industrial factories and residential dwellings, have a mean annual Aux of 40 W m(-2) (71 W m(-2) in January and 18 W m(-2) in July). The large anthropogenic heat emissions are important contributors to the city's climate in winter. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd