Thermal ecology of western tent caterpillars Malacosoma californicum pluviale and infection by nucleopolyhedrovirus

1. Western tent caterpillars hatch in the early spring when temperatures are cool and variable. They compensate for sub-optimal air temperatures by basking in the sun. 2. Tent caterpillars have cyclic population dynamics and infection by nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) often occurs in populations at high density. 3. To determine whether climatic variation might influence viral infection, the environmental determinants of larval body temperature and the effects of temperature on growth and development rates and larval susceptibility to NPV were examined. 4. In the field, larval body temperature was determined by ambient temperature, irradiance, and larval stage. The relationship between larval body temperature and ambient temperature was curvilinear, a property consistent with, but not necessarily limited to, behaviourally thermoregulating organisms. 5. Larvae were reared at seven temperatures between 18 and 36degreesC. Larval growth and development increased linearly with temperature to 30degreesC, increased at a lower rate to 33degreesC, then decreased to 36degreesC. Pupal weights were highest for larvae reared between 27 and 30degreesC. 6. The pathogenicity (LDSO) of NPV was not influenced by temperature, but the time to death of infected larvae declined asymptotically as temperature increased. 7. Taking into account larval growth, the theoretical yield of the virus increased significantly between 18 and 21 degreesC then decreased slightly as temperatures increased to 36 degreesC. 8. Control and infected larvae showed no difference in temperature preference on a thermal gradient. The modes of temperature preference were similar to those for optimal growth and asymptotic body temperatures measured in the field on sunny days. 9. Warmer temperatures attained by basking may increase the number of infection cycles in sunny springs but do not protect larvae from viral infection.