Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background The incidence of type 2 diabetes is associated with the 'Westernised lifestyle', mainly in terms of dietary habits and physical activity. Thus an intensive diet and exercise intervention might prevent or delay the appearance of diabetes in persons at high risk. Objectives To assess the effects of exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Search strategy We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, SocioFile, databases of ongoing trials and reference lists of relevant reviews. Selection criteria Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials of exercise and diet interventions of at least six month duration and reported diabetes incidence in people at risk for type 2 diabetes. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted to obtain missing data. Data on diabetes incidence and secondary outcomes were analysed by means of random-effects meta-analysis. Main results We included eight trials that had an exercise plus diet (2241 participants) and a standard recommendation arm( 2509 participants). Two studies had a diet only (167 participants) and exercise only arm (178 participants). Study duration ranged from one to six years. Overall, exercise plus diet interventions reduced the risk of diabetes compared with standard recommendations (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.79). This had also favourable effects on weight and body mass index reduction, waist-to-hip ratio and waist circumference. However, statistical heterogeneity was very high for these outcomes. Exercise and diet interventions had a very modest effect on blood lipids. However, this intervention improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels (weighted mean difference -4 mmHg, 95% CI -5 to -2 and -2 mmHg, 95% CI -3 to -1, respectively). No statistical significant effects on diabetes incidence were observed when comparing exercise only interventions either with standard recommendations or with diet only interventions. No study reported relevant data on diabetes and cardiovascular related morbidity, mortality and quality of life. Authors' conclusions Interventions aimed at increasing exercise combined with diet are able to decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in high risk groups (people with impaired glucose tolerance or the metabolic syndrome). There is a need for studies exploring exercise only interventions and studies exploring the effect of exercise and diet on quality of life, morbidity and mortality, with special focus on cardiovascular outcomes.