Optimization of the adult zebrafish ECG method for assessment of drug-induced QTc prolongation

Introduction: Recent studies have shown the utility of adult zebrafish ECG (electrocardiogram) in assessing drug-induced QTc prolongation. While the method has significant advantages over current ECG animal models including ethical issues, low compound requirement and expense, adoption of the method into drug discovery programs has been hampered by specific limitations. The limitations include the inability to determine the exact dose of test compound administered, and potential effects due to variables such as flow rate of oral perfusion and immobilization method. We describe a refined method for the reproducible recording of the adult zebrafish ECG and illustrate its application in investigating drug-induced QTc prolongation using the histamine receptor antagonist Terfenadine as a test drug. Method: We chose to perform parenteral administration of test drug instead of perfusion on the basis of mg per kg body weight of adult zebrafish. Acclimatization and immobilization methods were optimized to avoid ECG artifacts due to sudden environmental changes. We further modified the formula for QT correction and ensured reproducible recording of stable ECGs. Various concentrations of Terfenadine were used and the resultant proarrhythmic effects were analyzed as compared to the baseline and untreated controls. Results: Normal, stable and reproducible ECGs were recorded in all zebrafish. Terfenadine at the rate of 0.1 mg/kg body weight was found to be the NOAEL. We found an excellent correlation between known QTc effects in humans and those observed in adult zebrafish at all concentrations. All Terfenadine-induced proarrhythmic effects observed in zebrafish were dose and time dependent. Discussion: We report a refined method for reproducible recording of stable zebrafish ECGs to facilitate its routine application in preclinical investigation of QTc-prolonging drugs with reliable estimation of NOAEL. Our study is of relevance to the development and use of alternate animal models in drug discovery. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.