Nitrate uptake by phytoplankton and periphyton: Whole-lake enrichments and mesocosm-N-15 experiments in an oligotrophic lake

Periphyton nitrate uptake and denitrification, not phytoplankton assimilation, accounted for similar to 90% and 73% of the depletion of similar to 35 mu g NO3-N liter(-1) added as whole-epilimnion enrichments of ammonium nitrate to Castle Lake, California, in midsummer 1980 and 1981. The importance of benthic processes is suggested by similar rates of depletion for nitrate and ammonium in the whole-lake experiments; these rates are inconsistent with previous microcosm studies of phytoplankton that showed strong preferential uptake of ammonium and low uptake rates of nitrate. The importance of the benthic pathways was confirmed by an (NH4SNO3)-S-15 mesocosm experiment, which simulated the whole-epilimnion experiments. Less than 9% of the N-15 transformed was associated with water-column pools; the remainder was incorporated into epipelic periphyton and sediments (56%) or attributed to N-15(2)-(N2O)-N-15 loss via denitrification. Historical analysis of nitrate depletion in the epilimnion during spring suggests that periphyton may outcompete phytoplankton for water-column nutrients.