Fine particle concentrations in buses and taxis in Florence, Italy

被引:51
作者
Fondelli, M. Cristina [1 ]
Chellini, Elisabetta [1 ]
Yli-Tuomi, Tarja [2 ]
Cenni, Isabella [3 ]
Gasparrini, Antonio [1 ]
Nava, Silvia
Garcia-Orellana, Isabel [4 ]
Lupi, Andrea
Grechi, Daniele
Mallone, Sandra [1 ]
Jantunen, Matti [2 ]
机构
[1] Inst Study & Prevent Canc ISPO, Environm & Occupat Epidemiol Unit, I-50136 Florence, Italy
[2] Natl Publ Hlth Inst KTL, Div Environm Hlth, Kuopio, Finland
[3] Local Hlth Unit 10 ASL 10, Prevent Dept, Publ Hlth Lab, Occupat Toxicol & Ind Hyg Unit, Florence, Italy
[4] Natl Accelerator Ctr, Seville, Spain
关键词
PM2.5; Traffic; Commuting exposure; Elemental composition; Black Smoke Index;
D O I
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.054
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
On October 2004, a sampling survey was carried out in Florence to estimate urban fine particle exposure concentrations inside commuting vehicles during workdays characterized by heavy traffic. Portable samplers were positioned inside four regularly scheduled diesel-powered buses and four taxis during eight weekdays. Each sampler consisted of a 2.5 mu m size pre-separator cyclone, a direct-reading data logging photometer (pDR-1200), and a 4 L min(-1) filter sampler for the determination of PM2.5 mass concentration. Based on reflectance analysis measurements, a PM2.5 Black Smoke Index was determined for each filter, and the elemental composition of the PM2.5 was analyzed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). PM2.5 mass concentrations inside the vehicles correlated well with the urban ambient air PM2.5 concentrations measured at the fixed-site monitoring stations. The PM2.5 excess above the urban ambient level was on average 32 mu g m(-3) (range: 22-52 mu g m(-3)) and 20 mu g m(-3) (range: 11-29 mu g m(-3)) in buses and taxis, respectively. The PM2.5-bound sulfur concentration was also higher in the buses than in the taxis. Based on daily Time-Microenvironment-Activity-Diary (TMAD) data. the Florentines spend on average 9.7% of their day in traffic, and the corresponding average exposure is approximately 12% of their daily PM2.5 personal exposure. The obtained data could be used to plan interventions to minimize the PM2.5 citizen exposures in commuting. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:8185 / 8193
页数:9
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