Endocrine Disruptors in the Workplace, Hair Spray, Folate Supplementation, and Risk of Hypospadias: Case-Control Study

被引:159
作者
Ormond, Gillian [2 ]
Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J. [3 ]
Nelson, Paul [4 ]
Toledano, Mireille B.
Iszatt, Nina
Geneletti, Sara
Elliott, Paul [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, MRC Ctr Environm & Hlth, London, England
[2] Univ Coll Cork, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Cork, Ireland
[3] CIBERESP, Municipal Inst Med Res IMIM, Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona, Spain
[4] Phrisk Ltd, Independent Publ Hlth Consultant, London, England
基金
英国惠康基金;
关键词
endocrine disruptors; hair spray; folate supplementation; hypospadias; occupation; MATERNAL OCCUPATIONAL-EXPOSURE; DI(N-BUTYL) PHTHALATE; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; BIRTH-DEFECTS; CRYPTORCHIDISM; RATS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PREGNANCY; CHEMICALS;
D O I
10.1289/ehp.11933
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
083001 [环境科学];
摘要
BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is one of the most common urogenital congenital anomalies affecting baby boys. Prevalence estimates in Europe range from 4 to 24 per 10,000 births, depending on definition, with higher rates reported from the United States. Relatively little is known about potential risk factors, but a role for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been proposed. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to elucidate the risk of hypospadias associated with occupational exposure of the mother to endocrine-disruptor chemicals, use of folate supplementation during pregnancy, and vegetarianism. DESIGN: We designed a case-control study of 471 hypospadias cases referred to surgeons and 490 randomly selected birth controls, born I January 1997-30 September 1998 in southeast England. Telephone interviews of mothers elicited information on folate supplementation during pregnancy and vegetarianism. We used a job exposure matrix to classify occupational exposure. RESULTS: In multiple logistic regression analysis, there were increased risks for self-reported occupational exposure to hair spray [exposed vs. nonexposed, odds ratio (OR) = 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.40-4.17] and phthalate exposure obtained by a job exposure matrix (OR = 3.12. 95% Cl, 1.04-11.46). There was a significantly reduced risk of hypospadias associated with of folate use during the first 3 months of pregnancy (OR = 0.64; 95% Cl, 0.44-0-93). Vegetarianism was not associated with hypospadias risk. CONCLUSIONS: Excess risks of hypospadias associated with occupational exposures to phthalates and hair spray suggest that antiandrogenic EDCs may play a role in hypospadias. Folate supplementation in early pregnancy may be protective.
引用
收藏
页码:303 / 307
页数:5
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