Bradykinin antagonist dimer, CU201, inhibits the growth of human lung cancer cell lines by a "biased agonist" mechanism

All small cell (SCLCs) and many non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have neuroendocrine features including production of neuropeptides and cell surface receptors creating autocrine and paracrine growth loops. Neuropeptides bind to a family of 7-transmembrane receptors and activate heterotrimeric G proteins consisting of G(alphaq) and G(alpha12,13). Substance P derivatives (SPDs) induced apoptosis and inhibited growth of lung cancer cells by discoordinately inhibiting Gaq and stimulating Ga12,13. However, these SPDs had low potency and short half-lives. In this report we show that a bradykinin antagonist dinner, CU201, inhibited the growth of SCLC and NSCLC cell lines with or without multidrug-resistant proteins and was 10-fold more potent with a longer plasma half-life than SPDs. Bradykinin agonists in either monomeric or dimeric form and monomeric bradykinin antagonist have no effect on lung cancer cell growth. The dimeric linking moiety of the two molecules was created, requiring a sufficient number of carbon chains to provide critical spacing between the two antagonists. CU201 inhibited intracellular Ca2+ release in response to bradykinin, indicating blockage of the G(alphaq) signal, and stimulated c-Jun kinases, indicating stimulation of the G(alpha12,13) pathway. CU201-induced apoptosis was preceded by unique changes in apparent nuclear DNA binding and by c-Jun kinase and caspase-3 activation. At the concentration at which CU201 inhibited the growth of the cancer cells, it had no effect on the growth of normal lung cells in vitro. CU201 and similar compounds offer hope of becoming a new form of targeted therapy for tumors with neuroendocrine properties.