Dysfunctional elimination syndrome in children without obvious spinal cord diseases

Elimination dysfunction (ED) is a functional disease that encompasses the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. Because the presentation is varied and ED is a disease of exclusion, a thorough history and physical examination are mandatory. Noninvasive management that includes the "fundamental four," and continuous engagement and encouragement of the patient and family are the pillars of treatment. For patients who are refractory to this approach, new research in children-directed biofeedback research shows promise.