Coupling of contact sensitizers to thiol groups is a key event for the activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Strong contact sensitizers are able to induce distinct signal transduction mechanisms in antigen-presenting cells by coupling to cell proteins. The predominant target structures of haptens are thought to be thiol and amino groups in cysteine and lysine residues. We studied whether coupling of small reactive chemicals to thiol or amino groups might be responsible for the activation of monocytes and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with subtoxic concentrations of the strong haptens 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazolinone plus 2-methylisothiazolinone and 2, 4, 6-trinitrochlorobenzene, the thiol-reactive reagents N-hydroxymaleimide and N-ethylmaleimide, as well as the amino-reactive compounds sulfosuccinimidyl acetate and 2-iminothiolane. Flow cytometric quantification of tyrosine phosphorylation in CD14(+) monocytes showed that 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazolinone plus 2-methyliso-thiazolinone, 2, 4, 6-trinitrochlorobenzene, N-hydroxymaleimide, and N-ethylmaleimide but not sulfosuccinimidyl acetate and 2-iminothiolane strongly induced this process. Tyrosine phosphorylation induced by 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazolinone plus 2-methylisothiazolinone and 2, 4, 6-trinitrochlorobenzene was completely prevented in the presence of cysteine but not lysine, suggesting a competitive mechanism between cysteine and sulfhydryl groups of cell proteins. Using the mouse ear swelling test N-hydroxymaleimide could be classified as a significant contact allergen in comparison to 2, 4, 6-trinitrochlorobenzene, whereas no sensitizing potential became apparent for sulfosuccinimidyl acetate and 2-iminothiolane. Western blot analysis on monocytes and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells confirmed the flow cytometric data for tyrosine phosphorylation and demonstrated a selective capacity of haptens and thiol-reactive compounds to activate ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our data show that strong affinity of a small reactive chemical toward thiol groups is important for the activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells and can support the process of sensitization.