The IgG isotypes of specific antibodies in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis; Relationship to the cell-mediated immune response

American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) presents a spectrum of clinical and immunological manifestations. Since the nature of the cellular response appeals to play a fundamental role in determining the characteristics of the immunoglobulin isotype of specific antibody responses, we have compared the relative levels of specific antibodies of the four IgG isotypes against Leishmania in sera from patients with different clinical manifestations of ACL. Using a specific antibody capture assay, significant levels of antibodies of the IgG1, 2 and 3 isotypes were detected in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL); the average level of IgG4 antibodies was low and they were not detected in 10/20 sera. Sera from muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) gave a comparatively strong IgG1 response. Sera from diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), the rare form characterized by antigen-specific anergy of cell-mediated immunity, showed highly significant levels of IgG4 antibodies compared to antibody levels of this isotype in the other groups; IgG1 and IgG2 levels were also elevated. Based on other studies of the relationship between the IgG isotype response and cell-mediated immunity, these results confirm a Th1-like CD4(+) T cell response in LCL and MCL and a significant Th2-like response in DCL.