A comprehensive review of fuel cell-based micro-combined-heat-and-power systems

The increasing cost of fossil fuels and the need to reduce harmful emissions have been the main motivations in seeking more efficient and environmentally-friendly methods of power and heat generation. In this paper a comprehensive review of fuel cell-based micro-combined-heat-and-power systems is presented. The aim is to present all past findings and also show the recent progress of the technology, aiming at presenting current trends, limitations and perspectives for future planning and development. The configuration details of a basic system are given, with emphasis on the different fuel cell types, fuel processing methods, heat management and component integration options. Also further integration options are given, including energy storage, refrigeration cycles, micro-gas turbines, and renewable energy sources. System operation is distinguished between operating mode and operating strategy. Different modeling approaches are given, such as: steady-state and dynamic modeling, optimization methods, feasibility studies, and emission studies. A summary of the experimental activities are provided, including system characterization and degradation studies. Also a summary of the recent progress in commercialization activities of the technology is given. Finally, a critical review of the technology is provided, with a discussion on scenarios and future prospects.