Fast events in protein folding: Helix melting and formation in a small peptide

The helix is a common secondary structural motif found in proteins, and the mechanism of helix-coil interconversion is key to understanding the protein-folding problem. We report the observation of the fast kinetics (nanosecond to millisecond) of helix melting in a small 21-residue alanine-based peptide. The unfolding reaction is initiated using a laser-induced temperature jump and probed using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. The model peptide exhibits fast unfolding kinetics with a time constant of 160 +/- 60 ns at 28 degrees C in response to a laser-induced temperature jump of 18 degrees C which is completed within 20 ns. Using the unfolding time and the measured helix-coil equilibrium constant of the model peptide, a folding rate constant of approximately 6 x 10(7) s(-1) (t(1/2) = 16 ns) can be inferred for the helix formation reaction at 28 degrees C. These results demonstrate that secondary structure formation is fast enough to be a key event at early times in the protein-folding process and that helices are capable of forming before long range tertiary contacts are made.