Dynamics of sheared convective boundary layer entrainment. Part II: Evaluation of bulk model predictions of entrainment flux

Several bulk model-based entrainment parameterizations for the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) with wind shear are reviewed and tested against large-eddy simulation (LES) data to evaluate their ability to model one of the basic integral parameters of convective entrainment-the entrainment flux ratio. Test results indicate that many of these parameterizations fail to correctly reproduce entrainment flux in the presence of strong shear because they underestimate the dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) produced by shear in the entrainment zone. It is also found that surface shear generation of TKE may be neglected in the entrainment parameterization because it is largely balanced by dissipation. However, the surface friction has an indirect effect on the entrainment through the modification of momentum distribution in the mixed layer and regulation of shear across the entrainment zone. Because of this effect, parameterizations that take into account the surface friction velocity but exclude entrainment zone shear may sufficiently describe entrainment when wind shear in the free atmosphere above the CBL is small. In this case, the surface shear acts as a proxy for the entrainment zone shear. Such parameterizations can be most useful if applied in situations where atmospheric data are insufficient for calculating entrainment zone shear. The importance of modeling a Richardson-number-limited, finite-depth entrainment zone is evidenced by the relatively accurate entrainment flux predictions by models that explicitly account for effects of entrainment zone shear, but predictions by these models are often adversely affected by the underestimation of TKE dissipation in the entrainment zone.