Formation of ion-pairs in aqueous solutions of diclofenac salts

In this work we studied the ability of the diclofenac anion to form ion-pairs in aqueous solution in the presence of organic and inorganic cations: ion-pairs have a polarity and hydrophobicity more suitable to the partition than each ion considered separately and can be extracted by a lipid phase. The cations considered were those of the organic bases diethylamine, diethanolamine, pyrrolidine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) pyrrolidine and N-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperidine; the inorganic cations studied were Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+. Related to each cation we determined the equilibrium constant (k(XD)) for the ion-pair formation with the diclofenac anion in aqueous solution and the water/n-octanol partition coefficient (P-XD) for each type of ion-pair formed. Among the alkali metal cations, only Li+ shows some interaction with the diclofenac anion, in agreement with its physiological behaviour of increasing clearance during the administration of diclofenac. The influence of the ionic radius and desolvation enthalpy of the alkali metal cations on the ion-pair formation and partition was briefly discussed. Organic cations promote the formation of ion-pairs with the diclofenac anion better than the inorganic ones, and improve the partition of the ion-pair according to their hydrophobicity. The values of the equilibrium parameters for the formation and partition of ion-pairs are not high enough to allow the direct detection of their presence in the aqueous solution. Their formation can be appreciated in the presence of a lipid phase that continuously extracts the ion-pair. Extraction constants (E-XD = P-XD.K-XD) increase passing from inorganic to organic cations. This study could help to clarify the mechanism of the percutaneous absorption of diclofenac in the form of a salt, a route where the formation of ion-pairs appears to play an important role. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.