Industry sponsorship and authorship of clinical trials over 20 years

BACKGROUND: The pharmaceutical industry has become a major source of funding for biomedical research. Our general observation is that pharmaceutical industry employees are appearing with increasing frequency as coauthors of clinical trial publications. OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical trial funding, reporting, and sources; investigate author-industry affiliation; and describe clinical outcome trends over time. METHODS: We reviewed 500 randomly selected clinical trials published in 5 influential medical journals over a 20-year period (1981-2000). RESULTS: Of the 500 clinical trials reviewed, 181 (36%) involved pharmaceutical industry as an independent (n = 104) or joint (n 77) sponsor and 180 (36%) involved a peer-review funding source; the balance (139; 28%) lacked any declared sponsorship. The percentage of industry-sponsored clinical trials increased to 62% during 1997-2000. The percentage of nonprofit sponsored clinical trials remained constant over time, while the percentage of those without funding declaration declined. Reported author affiliation with industry increased to 66% of clinical trials sponsored only by industry. An increase in the percentage of clinical trials with reported author-industry affiliation was observed for all journals. Regardless of funding source, the majority of clinical trials reported clinical outcomes that favored the study drug, CONCLUSIONS: Pharmaceutical industry-sponsored and mixed-funding clinical trials are common, and the relative incidence of published trials with these declared funding sources in the 5 journals reviewed has increased. Industry employees are appearing as coauthors of clinical trial publications with increasing frequency.