Pore creation due to fault slip in a fluid-permeated fault zone and its effect on seismicity: Generation mechanism of earthquake swarm

Spatio-temporal variation of rupture activity is modeled assuming fluid migration in a narrow porous fault zone formed along a vertical strike-slip fault in a semi-infinite elastic medium. Pores are assumed to be created in the fault zone by fault slip. The effective stress principle coupled to the Coulomb failure criterion introduces mechanical coupling between fault slip and pore fluid. The fluid is assumed to flow out of a localized high-pressure fluid compartment in the fault with the onset of earthquake rupture. The duration of the earthquake sequence is assumed to be considerably shorter than the recurrence period of characteristic events on the fault. The rupture process is shown to be significantly dependent on the rate of pore creation. If the rate is large enough, a foreshock-mainshock sequence is never observed. When an inhomogeneity is introduced in the spatial distribution of permeability, high complexity is observed in the spatio-temporal variation of rupture activity. For example. frequency-magnitude statistics of intermediate-size events are shown to obey the Gutenberg-Richter relation. Rupture sequences with features of earthquake swarms can be simulated when the rate of pore creation is relatively large. Such sequences generally start and end gradually with no single event dominating in the sequence. In addition, the b values are shown to be unusually large. These are consistent with seismological observations on earthquake swarms.