Health and road transport in Pakistan

被引:33
作者
Hyder, AA
Ghaffar, AA
Sugerman, DE
Masood, TI
Ali, L
机构
[1] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Blomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
[2] WHO, Global Forum Hlth Res, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
[3] Johns Hopkins Univ Hosp, Dept Emergency Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
关键词
Pakistan; road-based transport; cars; health;
D O I
10.1016/j.puhe.2005.03.008
中图分类号
R1 [预防医学、卫生学];
学科分类号
1004 ; 120402 ;
摘要
Objective: The 1998 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that road traffic injuries (RTIs) will become the third leading cause of lost disability-adjusted life years, with two-thirds of the deaths occurring in the [east developed nations. Moreover, automobile-based transport systems are associated with air pollution (lead toxicity, asthma and greenhouse gas accumulation), noise disturbances, physical inactivity and obesity. Study design: This study (1) reviewed road transport Literature in Pakistan and the impacts on health outcomes; (2) examined health policies to assess their focus on transport-related health problems; and (3) identified policy gaps for future research. Methods: A methodological review of the Literature on direct and indirect effects of road transportation in Pakistan. This review includes government documents, memos, statements and draft policies as welt as relevant articles indexed in MEDLINE. Results: A systematic review revealed no approved transport policy in Pakistan, despite three national health policy documents. The Health Chapter of the 9th Five Year Plan appreciates the grave threat of unchecked RTI, but fails to offer specific policy interventions. Despite ambitious plans by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, actual projects and their implementation remain scarce, resulting in ever-increasing air pollution. The health impact of lead toxicity, noise pollution and RTIs remain high, while obesity is on the rise. Conclusion: The increasing health impact of road transport on 140 million people calls for immediate policy action. Government agencies must intervene effectively to establish monitoring and decentralised enforcement nationwide, while simultaneously supporting alternative modes of transportation. (c) 2005 The Royal Institute of Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:132 / 141
页数:10
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