Pharmacological plasticity of cardiac ATP-sensitive potassium channels toward diazoxide revealed by ADP

The pharmacological phenotype of ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels is defined by their tissue-specific regulatory subunit, the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR), which associates with the pore-forming channel core, Kir6.2. The potassium channel opener diazoxide has hyperglycemic and hypotensive properties that stem from its ability to open KATP channels in pancreas and smooth muscle. Diazoxide is believed not to have any significant action on cardiac sarcolemmal K-ATP channels. Yet, diazoxide can be cardioprotective in ischemia and has been found to bind to the presumed cardiac sarcolemmal K-ATP channel-regulatory subunit, SUR2A. Here, in excised patches, diazoxide (300 mu M) activated pancreatic SUR1/Kir6.2 currents and had little effect on native or recombinant cardiac SUR2A/Kir6.2 currents. However, in the presence of cytoplasmic ADP (100 mu M). SUR2A/Kir6.2 channels became as sensitive to diazoxide as SUR1/Kir6.2 channels. This effect involved specific interactions between MgADP and SUR, as it required Mg2+, but not ATP, and was abolished by point mutations in the second nucleotide-binding domain of SUR, which impaired channel activation by MgADP. At the whole-cell level, in cardiomyocytes treated with oligomycin to block mitochondrial function, diazoxide could also activate K-ATP currents only after cytosolic ADP had been raised by a creatine kinase inhibitor. Thus, ADP serves as a cofactor to define the responsiveness of cardiac K-ATP channels toward diazoxide. The present demonstration of a pharmacological plasticity of K-ATP channels identifies a mechanism for the control of channel activity in cardiac cells depending on the cellular ADP levels, which are elevated under ischemia.