Fusogenic properties of the C-terminal domain of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide

A series of natural peptides and mutants, derived from the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide, was synthesized, and the potential of these peptides to induce fusion of unilamellar lipid vesicles was investigated. These peptide domains were identified by computer modeling and correspond to respectively the C-terminal (e.g. residues 29-40 and 29-42) and a central domain (13-28) of the beta-amyloid peptide. The C-terminal peptides are predicted to insert in an oblique way into a lipid membrane through their N-terminal end, while the mutants are either parallel or perpendicular to the lipid bilayer. Peptide induced vesicle fusion was demonstrated by several techniques, including lipid-mixing and core-mixing assays using pyrene-labeled vesicles. The effect of peptide elongation toward the N-terminal end of the entire beta-amyloid peptide was also investigated. Peptides corresponding to residues 22-42 and 12-42 were tested using the same techniques. Both the 29-40 and 29-42 beta-amyloid peptides were able to induce fusion of unilamellar lipid vesicles and calcein leakage, and the amyloid 29-42 peptide was the most potent fusogenic peptide. Neither the two mutants or the 13-28 beta-amyloid peptide had any fusogenic activity. Circular dichroism measurements showed an increase of the alpha-helical content of the two C-terminal peptides at increasing concentrations of trifluoroethanol, which was accompanied by an increase of the fusogenic potential of the peptides. Our data suggest that the alpha-helical content and the angle of insertion of the peptide into a lipid bilayer are critical for the fusogenic activity of the C-terminal domain of the amyloid peptide. The differences observed between the fusogenic capacity of the amyloid 29-40 and 29-42 peptides might result from differences in the degree of penetration of the peptides into the membrane and the resulting membrane destabilization. The longer peptides, residues 22-42 and 12-42, had decreased, but significant, fusogenic properties associated with perturbation of the membrane permeability. These data suggest that the fusogenic properties of the C-terminal domain of the beta-amyloid peptide might contribute to the cytotoxicity of the peptide by destabilizing the cell membrane.