Epidemiology of affective disorders: A review

Objective: To review the epidemiology of affective disorders. Methods: This paper reviews recent studies, many of which have used standardized methodology and classification systems, and summarizes their major findings. Its also presents trends with particular reference to major depression. Results: There have been major advances in the last 15 years, with many investigators using standard methods in different countries, cultures, and races. Rates of major depression are probably increasing, and both major depression and bipolar disorder are occurring at younger ages. Conclusions: Affective disorders present a major public health problem with poor recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. There is little coordinated action to reduce untreated morbidity despite the availability of reasonably safe, effective, and economical treatments and the established effectiveness of continuing education programs for providers.