Genetic analysis of autoimmune sialadenitis in nonobese diabetic mice: A major susceptibility region on chromosome 1

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain provides a good study model for Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The genetic control of SS was investigated in this model using different matings, including a (NOD X C57BL/6 (136))F-2 cross, a (NOD X NZW)F-2 cross, and ((NOD X B6) X NOD) backcross. Multiple and different loci were detected depending on parent strain combination and sex. Despite significant complexity, two main features were prominent. First, the middle region of chromosome I (chr.1) was detected in all crosses. Its effect was most visible in the (NOD X B6)F-2 cross and dominated over that of other loci, including those mapping on chr.8, 9, 10, and 16; the effect of these minor loci was observed only in the absence of the NOD haplotype on chr.1. Most critically, the chr.1 region was sufficient to trigger an SS-like inflammatory infiltrate of salivary glands as shown by the study of a new C57BL/6 congenic strain carrying a restricted segment derived from NOD chr.1. Second, several chromosomal regions were previously associated with NOD autoimmune phenotypes, including Iddm (chr.1, 2,3,9, and 17, corresponding to Idd5, Idd13, Idd3, Idd2, and Idd1, respectively), accounting for the strong linkage previously reported between insulitis and sialitis, and autoantibody production (chr.10 and 16, corresponding to Bana2 and Bah2, respectively). Interestingly, only two loci were detected in the (NOD X NZW)F-2 cross, on chr.1 in females and on chr.7 in males, probably because of the latent autoimmune predisposition of the NZW strain. Altogether these findings reflect the complexity and heterogeneity of human SS.