On becoming depressed or anxious in late life: similar vulnerability factors but different effects of stressful life events

Background Little research has been done on the uniqueness of risk profiles for depression and anxiety in late life. Aims Delineating risk factors for the decline of mental health in older persons, comparing risk profiles for developing symptoms of pure depression, pure anxiety and both anxiety and depression in a prospective design. Method Self-report data on depression and anxiety were collected from community-dwelling older respondents (greater than or equal to 55 years) on two occasions, 3 years apart. Data from emotionally healthy respondents (n = 1810) were used to investigate the effects of long-standing vulnerability factors and stressful life events. Results After 3 years 9% of the subjects had scored beyond the thresholds for symptoms. Vulnerability for depression and anxiety was quite similar, but life events differed: onset of depression was predicted by death of a partner or other relatives; onset of anxiety was best predicted by having a partner who developed a major illness, No support for moderator effects between vulnerability factors and stress was found; the effects were purely additive. Conclusions Depression and anxiety have many risk factors in common, but specific risk factors also were found, especially in subjects developing both depression and anxiety. Declaration of interest Funding detailed in Acknowledgements.