Oligomerization of the hemolytic lectin CEL-III from the marine invertebrate Cucumaria echinata induced by the binding of carbohydrate ligands

The hemolytic lectin GEL-III is a Ca2+-dependent, galactose/GalNAc-specific lectin purified from the marine invertebrate Cucumaria echinata (Holothuroidea). We found that this lectin forms ion-permeable pores in erythrocyte and artificial lipid membranes that have specific carbohydrate ligands on the surface. The hemolytic activity of GEL-III exhibited characteristic pH dependence; activity increased remarkably with pH in the alkaline region, especially above pH 9, When rabbit erythrocyte membrane was examined by immunoblot ting using anti-CEL-III antiserum after treatment with GEL-III, the irreversible binding of the GEL-III oligomer increased with pH, indicating that the increase in hemolytic activity at higher pH is associated closely with the amount of oligomer irreversibly bound to the membrane, Surface hydrophobicity of GEL-III, as measured by the fluorescent probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate, increased markedly with the binding of specific ligands such as lactose, lactulose, and N-acetyllactosamine at pH 9-10 in the presence of 1 M NaCl. The enhancement of surface hydrophobicity induced by the binding of carbohydrates was also accompanied by the formation of a GEL-III oligomer, which was found to be the same size on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as the oligomer that formed in CEL-III-treated erythrocyte membranes. Far-UV circular dichroism spectra of CEL-III and the oligomer revealed a definite difference in secondary structure, These data suggest that the binding of GEL-III to specific carbohydrate ligands on the erythrocyte surface induces a conformational change in the protein, leading to the exposure of a hydrophobic region which triggers oligomerization and the irreversible binding of the protein to the membrane.