Device implant technique and consideration of body image: Specific procedures for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in female patients

Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to describe the psychological effects of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation in female patients and to make clinical recommendations for providers to optimize health outcomes for women. Background: Traditional ICD implantation produces visible scarring. Changes in physical appearance affect body image in all ICD recipients but may be more onerous in female ICD recipients. Electrophysiologists have described cosmetic approaches to device placement that appear promising and may warrant consideration in female patients. Conclusions: Active discussion and consideration of alternative device implant techniques are indicated in female patients. Female patients should also be given time to make preoperative decisions, and family members should be engaged in decision making. The investigation of cosmetic implants is noteworthy and could improve quality of life, adjustment, and psychological fitness of female ICD recipients.