Visual field loss following vitreous surgery

Objective: To assess possible causes of visual field loss following vitreous surgery. Design: Charts of 8 patients prospectively identified, who developed visual field loss following vitreous surgery, were reviewed to characterize this newly recognized syndrome and assess possible causes. Results: Two patients had preexisting chronic open-angle glaucoma and 1 had ocular hypertension. Indications for surgery included 4 eyes with macular holes, 1 eye with epiretinal membrane, 2 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and 1 eye with retinal detachment and giant retinal tear. All patients received retrobulbar anesthesia. Seven of 8 patients had fluid/gas exchange with installation of long-acting bubbles. In 1 patient with a macular hole, a small hemorrhage was noted along a vessel coming off the nerve superotemporally while attempting to engage the posterior cortical vitreous intraoperatively. This patient developed an inferior visual field defect. No intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements greater than 26 mm Hg were recorded in any eye perioperatively, Visual field defects included 4 eyes with inferotemporal defects, 2 eyes with inferior altitudinal defects, 1 eye with a cecocentral scotoma, and 1 eye with a superonasal defect. Only 1 patient had worsened visual acuity. A relative afferent pupillary defect was observed in 4 eyes and disc pallor in 5 eyes. Conclusions: Central or peripheral visual field loss can now be recognized as a possible complication of vitreous surgery. In some cases, a relative afferent pupillary defect and optic disc pallor are present, suggesting that the optic nerve is the site of injury. Possible mechanisms include ischemia clue to elevated IOP or fluctuations in IOP, optic nerve damage from retrobulbar injection, direct intraoperative mechanical trauma to the optic nerve, indirect injury from vigorous suction near the optic nerve leading to shea ring of peripapillary axons or vessels, or a combination of these. Certain optic nerves may be more susceptible to injury because of preexisting compromise from glaucoma or vascular disease.