Differential effects of one and repeated endotoxin treatment on pituitary adrenocortical hormones in the mouse:: Role of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α

The role of endogenous interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response was examined in male C57BL/6 mice injected with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or saline at 24-hour intervals for 4 or 8 consecutive days. The mice were divided into four groups: (1) LPS injections for 4 or 8 days and LPS injection on day 5 or 9, respectively (LPS-LPS); (2) LPS injections for 4 or 8 days and saline injection on day 5 or 9, respectively (LPS-saline); (3) saline injections for 4 or 8 days and LPS injection on day 5 or 9, respectively (saline-LPS), and (4) saline injections for 4 or 8 days and saline injection on day 5 or 9 (saline-saline). The mice were sacrificed by decapitation 2 h after the last injection and plasma levels of hormones and cytokines and tissue levels of IL-1 beta were measured. Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels were significantly attenuated in the LPS-LPS group compared with the dramatic increases in the saline-LPS group following 4 or 8 days of endotoxin treatment. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were comparable in the LPS-LPS group after 4 days' treatment, but significantly lower following 8 days of treatment when compared with saline-LPS group. Repeated endotoxin treatment followed by a single saline injection (LPS-saline) did not alter the levels of IL-1 beta in plasma or any of the tissues examined. IL-1 beta levels in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, adrenal gland and plasma were elevated to comparable levels in the saline-LPS and LPS-LPS groups after 4 days of treatment. In contrast to the plasma IL-1 beta response, TNF alpha levels were dramatically increased in the saline-LPS group but not in the LPS-LPS group following the 4-day treatment regimen. Increases in IL-1 beta concentrations were seen in all tissues following one endotoxin challenge in the saline-LPS group following the 8-day treatment regimen, while increases were significantly attenuated in the hypothalamus, adrenal gland and plasma in LPS-LPS for 8 days. The sustained increases in tissue levels of IL-1 beta following 4-day endotoxin treatment appears to have functional consequences since [I-125]IL-1 alpha binding was significantly decreased in the LPS-saline group compared with the saline-saline group. Furthermore, [I-125]IL-1 alpha binding was markedly reduced in the LPS-LPS group compared with the saline-LPS group. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma ACTH and IL-1 beta after a single and repeated LPS treatment for 4 days, while a significant correlation was seen between plasma ACTH and TNF alpha following one but not repeated LPS treatment. These data demonstrate a differential regulation of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha by repeated endotoxin treatment and suggest that while TNF alpha may be important modulating the attenuated pituitary adrenocortical response following the 4-day endotoxin treatment, IL-1 beta appears to be the primary regulator of the response following the 8-day endotoxin treatment in the regulation of the HPA axis.